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The Origins of Islam - 4.3 A New Religion: Muhammad I & Muhammad II
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- hello and welcome to the origins of islam today we want to focus on how the anti-trinitarian christian sectarian religion of the arabs could evolve into
- the religion today known as islam and to do so we will look at a story of two muhammads going forward we will have to differentiate between muhammad 1 and
- muhammad 2. muhammad 1 is as we've already established a title for jesus it was first found on coins and is used three times in the quran and on the dome
- of the rock the verses in the quran are surah 48 29 surah 47 2 and surah 3 144 this muhammad is based on a pre-nicene
- syrian christology meaning that jesus is only a man not god muhammad ii is supposedly a person in history it's the name of the prophet of islam he is the
- seal of the prophets a title which is possibly taken from manichaeism but which is also an attested title for jesus tertullian already called jesus
- the seal of the prophets quote and eternal justice was manifested and a holy one of holy ones was anointed that is christ and sealed was vision and
- prophecy and sins were forgiven therefore since the prophecy was fulfilled through his advent he said that vision and prophecy were sealed
- because he is the seal of all prophets fulfilling all things which in days bygone they had announced of him end quote muhammad 2 occurs once in the
- quran in sura 33 40 which as it turns out is a later interpolation we'll get deeper into this topic of surah 3340 in a future video series now the mhmt motto
- was first attested on coins in 661 meaning that the parts of the quran containing the word muhammad were likely written afterwards muhammad as a title
- for jesus was used at least until 756 which is the date of the last inscription where we know that muhammad was used as a title for jesus this
- inscription is at the so-called tomb of the prophet in medina which originally was of course not the tomb of the prophet but a christian sanctuary it
- still has jesus as the blessed one on the inscription and according to oleg this may be the last time that muhammad is used as a title for jesus on any
- inscription slowly the sanctuary in medina became more important than that in damascus where the head of john the baptist is stored the historization of
- the prophet has already started before 756 however before abdal malik the quran was a book used by pre-nicene syrian clergy who knew exactly what they were
- dealing with but afterwards it was distributed widely and due to the ambiguity of the arabic script many of those people who were not in the know
- read the prophet muhammad into the text the old surahs read like preachings of syrian missionaries they are presumably based on one or more unknown aramaic
- speaking missionaries who have nothing to do with muhammad at least not directly indirectly however these passages provide a perfect canvas to
- project muhammad onto the quran they are easily identifiable by the fact that they are all about the correct understanding of old and new testament
- now later surahs written in the second half of the 8th century and later no longer understand the quran as lectionary for example surah 9 111 the
- quran was no longer a means to explain scripture but it was scripture itself the quran was compared to torah and gospels in a next step abraham who was
- neither jew nor christian was established as the father of the religion see for example surah 3 67 this referring back to abraham was a way
- to step out of the shadow of judaism and christianity and a step into the direction of a separate religion however such a bold claim requires a trustworthy
- guarantor you can't just say abraham was neither jew nor christian and that he really was the precursor to our religion a religion
- that just recently appeared on the world stage because people will laugh at you they'll say you're a copycat nobody trusts you so this guarantor for the
- truth of the claim gains in importance so how can you have a guarantor well you need a prophet the followers of the quran were now seen as distinct from
- jews and christians see for example surah 9 30-31 this is the time when the embellishment of muhammad two's biography took place
- starting at the earliest in the late 8th century and then going on all the way to the 10th century now what we can see is that these steps that led to islam
- becoming its own religion really logically follow one after another without the need of any big conspiracy or anything like that it was simply a
- matter of gaining legitimacy vis-a-vis christian orthodoxy as well as jews therefore it was necessary to refer back to abraham but in order to refer back to
- abraham it was necessary to understand the quran as scripture remember initially the quran was a means to interpret scripture but that scripture
- was either jewish or christian so if you want to refer back to abraham you need your own scripture but in order for the quran to be scripture it's necessary to
- have a guarantor for this scripture you need a prophet who is in direct contact with god in order to gain the credibility needed for such a claim
- but in order to have a guarantor it was necessary to create and then embellish muhammad so once muhammad was read into the quran he
- was embellished so that he could become a prophet and not only any prophet eventually he was the seal of all prophets eclipsing
- even jesus in importance at which point we've now automatically made the step into a new and separate religion so from the embellishment of muhammad the new
- religion logically followed but with all these changes there also had to be a lot of reinterpretation of symbolism that was previously understood in a christian
- context so for example let's look at zora4 157 to 158 once more and for their saying indeed we have killed the messiah jesus the son of mary
- the messenger of allah they did not kill him nor did they crucify him but another was made to resemble him to them and indeed those who differ over it are in
- doubt about it they have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption and they did not kill him for certain rather allah raised him to himself and
- ever is allah exalted in might and wise at this point i want to quote christophe luxembourg once more who explains nicely how this reinterpretation took place
- quote later islamic exegetes believed that they saw a reference in the misunderstood passage in surah 4
- 157-158 to the direct ascension of christ to heaven not noticing the other quranic passages that contradicted this understanding as a result they connected
- this ascension at least in islamic folk belief with a reminiscence that had its origin in a christian story this story goes as follows
- if one visits the holy land and wants to see the place atop the mount of olives east of jerusalem from which christ ascended to heaven one will be led into
- a walled courtyard in the middle of which a medium-sized stone rises up just a bit from the ground there one will be pointed to two depressions hoon into the
- rock which are supposed to be the footprints that christ left behind at his ascension incidentally this same legend is told to
- the visitor of the dome of the rock there though the footprints are supposedly those of the white horse burak on whose back the prophet aka
- muhammad ii is to have made his journey into heaven end quote so in essence what luxembourg is saying here is that the story of muhammad's
- ascension into heaven is really a means to reinterpret existing christian folk belief and bring it into a new context of a new religion we can still see these
- remnants of christian symbolism in islamic folk belief in this reinterpretation of the christian symbolism we can see the transfer from
- muhammad 1 jesus to muhammad 2 the prophet and from islam one prenating christianity to islam to a new religion this reinterpretation happened in two
- stages first the dome of the rock which previously had been known as the site of christ's burial and resurrection was also said to be that of his ascension
- and for that remember the episode we did on the symbolism of the dome of the rock in aramaic folk belief it was the rock which was really at the center of the
- earth where all those important things happened including the crucifixion on top of that in this first step jesus ascension into heaven was transferred to
- the rock itself as well and only later was the ascension then transferred from jesus to muhammad this explains why jerusalem was the
- destination for pilgrimage before mecca enjoyed the same honor and this also explains the spacious precinct that lies around the dome of the rock and serve to
- receive these pilgrims so we've looked at each step and how it logically follows from the previous step but how did it all start well readers of
- the quran eventually didn't speak aramaic anymore this was a result of abdamalik's arabisation policy within one generation the aramaic language was
- really condensed to a small number of native speakers at the same time the quran was popularized it was taken out from its anti-trinitarian christian
- context and widely distributed this is when the misreading of muhammad started so instead of praise be the messenger of
- god people now understood it as muhammad is the messenger of god this muhammad was initially identified with the unnamed preacher in the oldest quran
- verses so muhammad was but a preacher however referring back to abraham created a theological need for a guarantor of scripture not just a link
- between arabs and jesus which is what this preacher would have been but a seal of the prophets was now needed this seal of the prophets was
- established later under a busted rule the abbasids were actually a branch of the umayyads something which raymond dakar has uncovered in his 2012 article
- on the issue and he found that the new rulers modified their genealogy in order to separate from the rest of the family which was blamed for all the problems in
- the country and instead they created a family linkage to the prophet so they had a vested interest in embellishing the prophet as well so apart from the
- religious reasons there are not also political reasons muhammad was not only a guarantor for the quran but he also served to justify
- and legitimize a basset rule with this reshuffling and fetching of the genealogies murph was reinterpreted to mean malwan the first and marwan the
- second in order to fill gaps in those genealogies remember when we looked at abdel malik we learned that he was called mahwan not ibn marwan not son of
- marwan he was called marwan which literally means of the mervyn tribe or of the mervyn people and indeed the oldest lists of caliphs that we have do
- not mention marwan nor ali both of those seem to be later insertions made by the abbasids pilgrimage to mecca was also only established after the abbasids took
- power model for the new holy site was the buddhist nava vihara in bulk in afghanistan umar even wrote a detailed account of nava vihara
- at the beginning of the 8th century which is preserved in a later 10th century work the kitab al-buldan by ibn al-fakhi and what he describes is that
- the main temple had a stone cube in the center draped with cloth and that the devotees circumambulated it and made prostration we also have some chinese
- description of the same site which confirm the description that we have from the arabs when it comes to the biography of the prophet muhammad there
- are of course plenty of influences but one that is certainly striking is that of abu muslim al-qurasani who lived from 700 to 755 and who toppled the umayyad
- dynasty he may have been a role model for muhammad in the seerah muhammad rasool allah by ibn ishaq there are many similarities as i've already mentioned
- in the timeline video if i had to draw a line separating the anti-trinitarian christian religion from islam it would fall into the reign of alma moon alma
- moon was the son of harun al-rashid he was educated by famous persian scholars like al-kisai in 809 alma moon becomes governor of mirth where he was exposed
- to persian culture in 811 his brother al-amin who was the ruler at the time breaks with alma moon and marches into iran in 13 al-amin is beaten and
- decapitated alma moon becomes caliph indeed he is the first one to call himself caliph i.e representative of god in 825 alma moon moves from earth to
- baghdad in order to fill the power vacuum in the center of his empire baghdad at the time was a diverse metropolis with jewish zoroastrian money
- canes as well as persian arab and hellenistic christians alma moon took his best scholars and visited the western parts of his empire for the
- first time with a focus on religious sides now aramaic had long been dead as a spoken language of the arabs see again after malik's policy and now the
- inscriptions and scripture itself seem to indicate a historical muhammad alma moon renovated the dome of the rock added diacritics to abdomen's
- inscription thereby solidifying the reading of muhammad as the prophet of islam under his rule we also see the first appearance of islamic
- fundamentalism ahmad ibn hanbal propagated a strict literal interpretation of the quran which tells us that the quran was by this time
- firmly established as scripture nobody would argue for a strict interpretation of a lectionary only scripture
- alma moon he fought this han and for the time being he was also successful he brought the best minds of his empire to baghdad who were mostly
- persian and he was very open to scientific knowledge so for example when you heard that the quran described the earth as flat as a carpet but that arab
- astronomers defined it as a sphere he had them examine the issue and in the step near mosul he had his scholars calculate the circumference of the earth
- based on measuring the angles towards the sun at different points amma moon was in the persian tradition of philosophy and he rejected strict
- quranic literalism his policies brought about the advent of the islamic golden age or rather the persian golden age because it was really based on this
- persian ideal here i want to quote ignacio quote the history of arab science begins with their contact and mixing with the persians and the
- initiators of this scientific movement were mostly non-arab foreigners especially persians who owing to the conquest joined some arab tribe through
- affiliation even the most celebrated founders and students of arabic philology were persians and tatars their names demonstrating that they hailed
- from zamachar firu shabbat farab and other places in central asia the names of ziba wahi and many others ending in wachi or being grammarians are totally
- persian end quote around the time of alma moon the situation slowly tipped over muhammad and ali were now firmly historicized as real people and the
- caliphate was anachronistically extended to all previous rulers real and imaginary the quran was finalized in the form we know today and so was the arabic
- script muhammad was given his tomb in medina and ali was given a martyr legend for non-trinitarian christians not much changed at first their religious
- services went on as always they didn't convert but they slowly evolved into a new religion keep in mind this takes place over a very long period of time so
- the people on the ground they wouldn't even notice that they are now all of a sudden in a new religion it's just that piece by piece little step by step they
- start to incorporate different beliefs new beliefs at the end the sum of all meant it was a new religion afterwards quranic literalism which we've just
- encountered for the first time slowly gained an influence culminating in al ghazali in the 11th century after whom the strict literal interpretation became
- the norm and the persian golden age ended now that we're at the end of this part of my presentation i want to show you again a graph that i've shown you
- before and hopefully now it makes more sense so to recapitulate here we see how the different christian denominations are interrelated one thing again to keep
- in mind those gray connections do not represent people but ideas so for example arianism while in principle very close to this syrian and unitarian
- religion did incorporate also some catholic ideas so that's why there are two grey lines flowing into this aryan bar
- this does not mean that catholics and syrian antagonitarians came together and formed a new religion it just means that those ideas formed the basis of this new
- denomination i've also tried to color code this graph so for instance those three bluish lines the syrian and italian christians the
- aryans and the historians they are all part of a aramaic cultural background the people involved have an aramaic mentality which in many ways is
- different for instance from a greek mentality which i've color-coded in pink on this graph then red monophysites they evolved in africa in egypt to be precise
- the ebunites obviously have a jewish cultural background and then lastly we see islam in green which evolved out of the syrian
- atatunitarian aramaic form of christianity but became its own thing and what we can also see here this split started around 600 maybe possibly even
- before 600 a.d but it wasn't really finished until the 9th century at which point we can speak of a new religion called islam lastly the distance between
- those various lines also represent the theological distance to some degree this is certainly not to scale but relatively it works so for instance the nestorians
- were closer to the catholics than to the syrian anti-trinitarians while the aryans were closer to the syrian inter-trinitarians than to the catholics
- theologically speaking similarly the ibu knights were very close to these syrian anti-trinitarian christians
- i hope this graph now makes a lot more sense and helps you understand what was going on all right which brings us to the summary we've learned that abdamalik
- established the anti-trinitarian christianity of the quran as a state religion he also had a strict arabization policy muhammad was
- initially a title for jesus the blessed one only later was muhammad understood as a name first that of a preacher then that of a prophet christian sources
- identify arabs as heretical christians for centuries no mention of a new religion until the 9th century slowly this anti-trinitarian christianity
- evolved into a new religion called islam in the next chapter we will have a look at the islamization of spain and how that ties into what we've learned so far
- until then thank you very much for watching and see you next time
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