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Demystifying Music Modulation: Types and Examples
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- [Music] you have songs that you love and never Tire of hearing songs that hold your
- interest or maybe you're listening to a song you've never heard before and you think wow that music sounds interesting well what makes that music sound
- interesting well I'll tell you what makes it sound interesting and that is modulation in music and in a lot of songs that you listen to modulation is
- one of the most common things to happen you might recognize it when you hear it but you don't know the word to use to describe it well the word is
- modulation that's a big word it's not one that we would normally hear in everyday life so let's talk about modulation what exactly is modulation in
- music well the first thing we need to do is go back and talk about Keys now you most likely know that just about every song every classical piece
- of music it's in a specific key so for example in an earlier video I showed you how to play Yankee Doodle boy and it was in the key of
- G a key just means that a song uses notes from a specific scale so Yankee Doodle boy or I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy uses notes from the G Major scale and it
- also uses the chords that are built on the notes of the G Major scale scale so if a song is in a specific key using the notes from a specific scale we write the
- key signature of that scale at the start of the music so the G Major scale has one sharp so we put one sharp in the key signature pretty basic stuff so what is
- a modulation now to modulate in music is to Simply change a piece from one key to another and in most pop songs modulations are often referred to as key
- changes somebody might say oh that song has a lot of key changes well that means the same thing has a lot of modulation and if you're reading the sheet music
- the key signature may change or it may not now in order for it to be a true modulation the song has to stay in the new key for a while more than just for
- one or two bars if a song modulates but only for a little bit if it seems like it's going to go to another key but it doesn't stay there that's called
- tonicization now I don't expect you to remember that term but usually what happens then is the song goes back to the original key so take for example a
- song like Goodbye Yellow Brick Road by Elden John he ends the [Music]
- chorus and then he goes to this chord and now it sounds like he's [Music] modulated but then it goes back
- back with this chord and goes back to the key of f so it looks like he modulated to the key of a flat very briefly but it goes right back to the
- key so that's more of a tonicization rather than a true modulation now if he had done something like this
- [Music] now he has truly modulated from F major to a flat major but that's not what he did let's
- talk about different types of modulation there are many ways that a song can modulate but I'm going to go over the main ways that a song Can modulate first
- we have the common chord or common tone modulation we have chain modulations we have the phrase modulation and then the chromatic
- modulation now these are by no means the only ways that songs can modulate these are I believe the four most common ways let's take a brief look at each one of
- these common chord modulation is where a song modulates via a shared or common chord that the original key and the new key have in common and that chord is
- called the pivot chord so the pivot chord acts as the the point that the original key modulates to the new key so say for example you're in the key of C
- major and you want to modulate to D major so what are the chords that are common to the keys of c and d you know the chords in C major are C Major D
- Minor E minor f g a minor B diminished and c and then the chords in D Major are D D major E minor fshp minor
- G A B minor had to think about it for a second there C Shar diminished and then
- D so there are two chords that both of these Keys have in common there's E minor which is the three chord in the key of C major 1 2 3 but it's also the
- two chord in the key of D also G major is the five chord in C but it's the four chord in D so you can use either one of these
- chords as a pivot chord to enable you to modulate from C major to D major here's a chord progression for example you're playing in
- C typical C major progression now it's time to modulate to to to a D major you can go to E [Music]
- minor so the E minor is the pivot chord here's your pivot chord it's common to both C major and D major but this chord can now lead as the
- two in D to the five your typical 251 progression now you are in D Major shopan the famous composer uses this in his famous C minor
- Prelude now we're in c minor and he's going to quickly modulate to a flat major how does he do
- it here's your typical progression and then he goes to this chord this is a flat major now that is a chord that is part of the C minor
- [Music] scale a flat is the pivot chord so he goes from there [Music]
- to so he goes from the a flat and now we're on the four chord of a flat
- major and then later on of course he modulates back to C minor now closely related to the common chord modulation is the common tone modulation this is a
- variant of the common chord idea but instead of a pivot chord there's a pivot note so say for example you're in the key of B
- major and you want to modulate to D [Music] major now you have this common tone which is
- fshp it is common to both B major and D major a lot of times you'll hear all the other notes of the chord disappear now
- you have this single note and all of a sudden you're in another key
- you can even do it [Music] again so that is a common tone modulation the next kind of modulation
- we want to look at is called a chain modulation a chain modulation is one that goes through the circle of fifths in order to get from one key to another
- and this is usually done with dominant seventh chords because as you know dominant seventh chords strongly lean to the next note in the
- circle of fifths so say we're starting on C and it's leading us to F the next note in the
- circle here's an example of a circle progression we start in the key of A and then we use A7 which leads us to D7 leads to
- G7 C7 and then F that's what we would call a circle progression you started in the key of a major and by employing the circle of
- [Music] fifth you wound up modulating to F major so that is a chain modulation you often find that a lot in Ragtime music
- or in jazz music sometimes people even refer to it as the Ragtime progression now another type of modulation is known as the phrase modulation phrase
- modulation is different from the previous types of modulation because it doesn't have a chord or a note that it modulates on instead it just abruptly
- changes from one key to the next usually phrase modulation works best with closely related Keys like the keys of a minor and C major in moar starts Piano
- Sonata number 11 in a major now a lot of folks are very familiar with the last movement of this [Music]
- Sonata and so it ends that part of the third movement ends on this half Cadence in E Minor but then it immediately modulates to C major without a chord or
- a note that carries over from one to the next [Music] so it starts in a
- [Music] minor and then it goes right at C [Music] major and so on another famous pop song
- that does this is by Elton John I go to Elton John a lot because he does this all the time in a lot of his songs and in fact I think I might do a video at
- some point about Elton John songs where he starts in one key and then the chorus is in a completely different key and he just modulates all over the place but
- what happens in this song this is Gray Seal and it starts out in [Applause] [Music]
- B then he goes right [Music] into of G and he gets to the end of the
- [Music] verse and he's ending on a d chord and then just jumps right back into the key of B that's called phrase modulation and
- that's something that he does a lot in a lot of his songs now one more type of modulation that I'd like to look at briefly is known as chromatic
- modulation chromatic modulation lies somewhere in the middle of these two previous approaches it's more musically noticeable and abrupt than common tone
- or common chord modulation but it doesn't just change Keys immediately like phrase modulation chromatic modulation uses a chromatic passing tone
- in other words it's it's a note that keeps its letter name for example like C or D or e but it adds an accidental like a sharp so for example to get from C
- major to D minor or D major we can take the c major chord c EEG and then add a sharp to the C so that it becomes C
- sharp and then if we also add a this becomes A7 which can then resolve to either D minor or D major so here you are in the key of C
- [Music] and now we want to [Music] modulate and there we are now we're in
- the key of D major you can do this in any [Music]
- key so those are the four main types of modulation and there's another type of modulation that we see a lot in popular songs not so much these days but I
- remember back in the 70s listening to Barry mandalo and it seemed like every song he put out had this kind of modulation and it's called the step up
- and that's when a song Simply steps up from one key to a tonally unrelated key really but it's usually one two sometimes three semitones higher three
- half steps higher and this is usually done at the end or at the final course and it it gives that song a bit of extra energy so for example in the song Mandy
- just to give you one [Music] example right we're in the key of B flat and when he gets to the end of the song
- he wants to give it that little extra burst of energy so it goes like this [Music]
- all of a sudden we're in the key of [Music] C and then he hits that big high note at the end which I'm not even going to
- attempt so if this Step Up is related to any of the modulation types that I've mentioned it's closest to phrase modulation because it's very abrupt but
- it can also be very exciting so there are some of the basic ways that songs modulate it's a really big concept and I've talked about it in a previous video
- and just kind of scratched the surface and even here there's a lot more I could talk about when it comes to modulation so many other ways to do it now if
- you're listening to classical music especially a really long piece like a symphony or a concerto modulation is essential to keeping the
- music interesting and keeping a piece moving along and I could talk a lot more about that too if you're listening to a song
- and it never modulates it never changes key well it can get boring now that's not a hard and fast rule by the way sometimes the lyrics can
- carry a song that has no modulations and keep it very interesting and and the first song that came to my mind when and I thought about that was
- by Gordon Lightfoot The Wreck of The Edmond [Music]
- Fitzgerald that's the chord progression I may not have played it completely correctly but it just keeps repeating over and over and over again and if that
- was it if you tried to play this song as An instrumental people would go oh come on this is getting kind of dull but it's the lyrics the brilliant lyrics that
- Gordon Lightfoot wrote tells a story about this terrible tragedy and that's what keeps the song interesting so there are exceptions but you're going to find
- that in a lot of songs modulation is one of the keys to keep that music interesting to keep your interest keep you wanting to hear more and go back and
- listen to it again thank you for watching I appreciate those of you who have recently subscribed to the channel many of you have subscribed the channel
- is growing and for that I am very very grateful if you'd like to support my work on patreon I will leave the link right at the top of the description I
- also want to give a shout out to Jason one of my patrons I thank you so much for your generous support of the channel and for
- all of my patrons thank you so much for your support it really means a lot to me thank you again for watching I look forward to speaking to you in the next
- one [Music]
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