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How Immigrants Shape(d) the United States | Nalini Krishnankutty | TEDxPSU

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  1. [Music] what words come to your mind when you see or hear the word immigrant when I
  2. ask this question in my workshops on immigrant history and contributions the answers are always revealing illegal is a common response as our refugee foreign
  3. poor and desperate sometimes someone will say family community freedom borders or even languages but the answers are mostly negative and this
  4. negativity it's not unique to the United States the migration observatory at the University of Oxford studied the coverage of immigrants in the British
  5. press from 2006 to 2015 they found that illegal was the most common word used to describe immigrants it's really notable that there are no
  6. words like smart creative pioneering enterprising brave words that could be used to describe doctor Elizabeth Blackwell who was the first female
  7. doctor in the United States or environmentalist John Muir whose ideas helped create our national parks or composer Irving Berlin who wrote god
  8. Bless America Elizabeth Blackwell came from England John Muir from Scotland and Irving Berlin came from Russia they all came as
  9. children when it was impossible to know their skin or their potential and yet they did go ahead and shape the United States of America now these same
  10. positive words could be used to describe first-generation immigrants today immigrants like Sergey Brin co-founder of Google who came from Russia at the
  11. age of six at the height of the Cold War when we distrusted anything Russian or Jerry yang co-founder of Yahoo who came from Taiwan
  12. at the age of 10 the only English word he knew when he came here was the word shoe or Elon Musk founder of SpaceX co-founder of XCOM which became PayPal
  13. CEO of Tesla associated with so many other ventures he came from South Africa via Canada to the United States as an undergraduate student
  14. now these visionary immigrants they use their abilities and the opportunities they had here to create companies that shape not just the United States but the
  15. whole world now we call ourselves a land of immigrants Native Americans came here tens of thousands of years ago in the 1500s they were first the French in the
  16. Spanish followed by the British the Scots the Dutch the Germans and then people from many other countries most Europeans came here as free people but
  17. some were indentured servants for centuries we also bought and transported Africans to the United States as slaves they surely did not have any choice and
  18. when the United States annexed the northern part of Mexico after the us-mexico war the people who lived in lands that later became California
  19. Arizona New Mexico Utah Colorado and Nevada they became Americans not by crossing the border but because the border crossed them all these people and
  20. their descendants they did shape the United States but as they did that they took land away from the original inhabitants the Native Americans cost
  21. their numbers to shrink and they did change their way of life forever today a million people come to the United States legally every year immigrants are 14% of
  22. the population which amounts to about 43 million people we still are a land of immigrants yet we do treat immigrants as the other
  23. now I myself came to the United States as a chemical engineering graduate student international students like me are recruited even today to fill the
  24. extreme shortage of American students in STEM fields for the most part I've had really positive experiences yet like many immigrants I have had experiences
  25. that remind me of my other nests I have seen the hatred towards immigrants escalate steadily after 9/11 and that drumbeat increasing in peak and
  26. intensity over the last few years many immigrants face taunts of go back home some are attacked and some have even been killed immigrants are detained
  27. deported denied entrance even as discussions of immigration reform have been filling our news media now these reactions towards immigrants this so
  28. visceral as if people don't know our history of immigration or the contribution of immigrants why this negativity are we just a generation of
  29. haters now if we look at history we find that this tussle of hating immigrants but still wanting them to be here because we need them this is not new in
  30. fact it is something as American as apple pie in 1751 inventor and later founding father Ben Franklin did not want the
  31. Germans coming to the English colony of Pennsylvania he said the most stupid sort of people were migrating to this country but he said the Germans do have
  32. some virtues they're hard workers they're frugal they're good farmers we do need them to grow the country Ben Franklin also worried about the swarthy
  33. complexion of the Germans the Swedes Italians the French the Russians he said they would just make the country less white they were not as white as the
  34. anglo-saxons then Franklin also worried that Germans would come in such large numbers they would German eyes the country instead of getting anglicized
  35. themselves now did Ben Franklin's fears come true well the first kindergarten was started in 1856 by a German immigrant a first-generation German
  36. immigrant German immigrants championed universal education and they shaped the public school system that we have today German immigrants gave us that Christmas
  37. tree they gave us Santa Claus and they also gave us the Easter Bunny how about jeans it was a first generation German immigrant Levi Strauss
  38. along with an immigrant from Latvia Jacob Davis who created these jeans for miners during the gold rush and how about course past Miller and Heiser Bush
  39. all these companies were started by first-generation German immigrants not their descendants but people who had come from Germany and then started all
  40. these enterprises that live here today German immigrants were also the ones who thought that the weekend should be for recreation not just for rest and
  41. relaxation and in fact one of the caricatures that people had was about Germans drinking beer on a weekend now Ben Franklin and to be fair to him a lot
  42. of people held his views his fears did come true but for many of us today we feel that the German experience is really now the American experience they
  43. are virtually indistinguishable how did other groups fare the Irish when they came were disliked for being poor and Catholic and people worried that the
  44. Pope would soon be influencing the United States the Irish have the distinction that the first anti-immigrant party was formed to
  45. get rid of them the American party or the know-nothing party was formed on an anti-immigrant anti-catholic platform they elected governors had hundreds of
  46. legislative seats ran a presidential candidate and also managed to deport hundreds of Irishmen from the country now the Irish and the Germans they did
  47. gain acceptance as Americans when people began to arrive from Central Southern and Eastern Europe and horror of Horrors when Asians began to arrive from China
  48. and India now the Chinese they first came here during the gold rush but later agents went all the way to China to recruit them for projects like the
  49. Transcontinental Railroad and other work Asians faced intense hatred they were attacked murdered the arson lynching mass evacuations were all things they
  50. experienced and as the diversity of immigrants grew and the percentages went very high to about 15% xenophobia in the country peaked hatred became the new
  51. normal and our laws were changed to reflect this the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 it did not allow Chinese laborers to enter the country for the
  52. next ten years more alien labor laws were passed followed by a literacy test for any immigrants over 16 finally in 1924 a law was passed which really
  53. focused on national quotas to increase immigration from Western Europe all immigration from Asia was banned the period after this the country did
  54. experience quite a bit of labor shortages and one way that we worked around it was to have a guest worker program with Mexico where we
  55. intermittently got workers from Mexico it took 40 years to correct this discrimination on national origins but in 1965 we did pass the immigration act
  56. where people from all countries could come in based on skill or on family reunification one thing that was discontinued at that time was the guest
  57. worker program that we had with Mexico so now the doors are open immigrants are back in and today we are back to the 14% that very high number
  58. which is very similar to the percentages we had in the 1890s when xenophobia had peaked so hatred is back in the United States
  59. the issues are the same that people can't handle the diversity of immigrants the issues are also same that we do still need immigrants but the players
  60. are different in 1890 immigrants mainly came from Europe and the five countries that they came mostly from they were Germany Ireland England and Canada and
  61. Sweden today we have immigrants mainly from Latin America and Asia and immigrants come in from Mexico China India Philippines and Vietnam these are
  62. the top five countries that they are coming from so we do have all that hatred today but immigration still remains a two-way street
  63. we need the immigrants and immigrants need us so what do we do now we do have a choice are we going to be the first generation that is going to break this
  64. continuum of hate towards immigrants that has lasted since the colonies are we going to be the generation that accepts immigrants not just tolerates
  65. them because they have certain skills or because they are going to revitalize our towns or you know replace our aging workforce are we going to be the
  66. generation that stops shutting bail out because they're poor or they're stupid or maybe they're just from the wrong countries well if we had done that
  67. in the past we might have missed out Andrew Carnegie who was just a poor kid from Scotland we might have missed out on Nikola Tesla who came from Serbia we
  68. might have missed out on Secretary of State Madeleine Albright who was a refugee from Czechoslovakia or singer Gloria Estefan who was a refugee from
  69. Cuba not to mention we might have missed out on a whole bunch of Nobel laureates a large percentage of them are born abroad we also might have missed out on
  70. all American experiences of baseball beer and hot dogs all of which were created by first-generation immigrants going to Zumba listening to hip-hop
  71. eating Chobani yogurt or Kraft cheese shopping at t.j.maxx or Kohl's forever 21 or Nautica going to Panda Express or sweet frog the list goes on and on and
  72. on now let me ask you that same question again what words come to your mind now when you see or hear the word immigrant when I ask this question at the end of
  73. my workshops on immigration history and contribution the answers are again revealing smart creative pioneering risk-takers recruited Nobel laureates
  74. professors students teachers farmers construction workers taxi drivers the words are many revealing both the complexity of immigration and the
  75. multifaceted humanity of immigrants now the attendees and the workshops are beginning to see immigrants with fresh eyes admiring both their resilience and
  76. their contribution to the American experience we all of us will need those fresh eyes in the days ahead to ensure that hatred is not the new
  77. normal again in the United States of America we will also need those fresh eyes again as individuals in all our communities to accept immigrants truly
  78. embrace them and welcome them no matter which country they come from to this land of immigrants the United States of America thank you
  79. [Applause]

Zum Nachlesen

Einwanderung in die Vereinigten StaatenDie Einwanderung in die Vereinigten Staaten beeinflusst maßgeblich die Demografie der Vereinigten Staaten und ihre Kultur. Seit der Staatsgründung wanderten … Geschichte der Deutschen in den Vereinigten StaatenDie Geschichte der Deutschen in den Vereinigten Staaten beginnt im 17. Jahrhundert mit der Gründung der ersten europäischen Kolonie auf dem späteren … Immigration Act of 1924Der Immigration Act of 1924, auch als National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act oder Johnson-Reed Act bekannt, war ein Bundesgesetz der USA, das die Anzahl … Deutsche ÜberseewanderungPush- und Pullfaktoren ... Die Wirtschaftsentwicklung in den USA lief jedoch parallel, weshalb die Pull-Faktoren des Ziellandes hier nicht greifen.