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What is Diwali?

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  1. every year sometime between mid October and mid November people in the city of ioda in Northern India start making thousands of clay lamps called Diaz did
  2. I just say thousands of lamps no I mean hundreds of thousands of lamps lining them up in perfect rows along the banks of the saru river waiting to be filled
  3. with oil and lit with fire and it's an incredible view in 2022 ioda broke their own record with 1.5 million land transforming the cityscape into a
  4. shimmering sea of Lights why this sudden interest in lamps well it's all because of Dali the Festival of Lights Dali is one of the most important festivals in
  5. India celebrated across the whole country and in fact celebrated all over the world in Indian diaspora communities for example it's an official holiday in
  6. Fiji Guyana maius Singapore among others it's a major festival for Hindus in particular and today we'll be focusing primarily on how Hindu celebrate Dali
  7. though it's also celebrated by many Janes SS and Buddhists as well but what is Dali all about Dali means different things in different regions but two
  8. consistent features of Dali are lights and some form of Vishnu defeating or overcoming Darkness we can see these themes in the name itself Dali is a
  9. contraction of the word depavali which is what many people call the holiday today instead this comes from the Sanskrit words meaning row of Lights as
  10. we saw in ioda the most ubiquitous and quintessential practice during devali is lighting lamps as night falls homes temples and public spaces are lit with
  11. thousands of them this symbolizes the victory of light over Darkness good over evil and knowledge over ignorance we also see the symbolism of light
  12. defeating darkness in the timing of the festival generally speaking Dali season is actually a series of five festivals celebrated over the course of 5 days
  13. with the climax on day three the actual day of Dali This falls on the night of the new moon in the month of Cartia on the Hindu calendar because this is a
  14. lunar calendar Dali shifts around year after year on the Gregorian solar calendar always between October and November because it's the night of the
  15. new moon and thus the darkest night of the month the themes of light and darkness are at the Forefront in the words of the Anthropologist andir arugam
  16. lighting lamps is a luminous reputation of Winter's Gathering Darkness imminent chill and swirling and auspiciousness now not everyone celebrates all five
  17. days and some of these days have different names and different Customs depending on the community India is very diverse and Hinduism is very diverse so
  18. there will always be exceptions and I'll try my best to show the diversity of this Festival throughout this video but generally speaking the first day of the
  19. festival is called dantas it's a big shopping day considered by many to be an auspicious day specifically to buy gold or silver though it's also a a big
  20. shopping day for consumer goods in general like Christmas in the US dantas noticeably boosts the Indian economy retailers ranging from Jewelers to
  21. electronic stores often see huge spikes in their sales on this day danta sets the tone for the following days of devali emphasizing prosperity and
  22. well-being day two is called naraka chadhi also known as Choi devali or small devali especially in Southern India this day commemorates Lord Krishna
  23. and his concert Sachi abama defeating the malevolent King naraka Surah which we'll cover later prayers to the ancestors are also said on this day in
  24. the buildup to the main devali day people will clean and wash their houses as well as decorate their homes and businesses with rangolis decorative
  25. designs made from colored rice sand chalk and flower petals some describe making rangolis as a deeply meditative process considering how much focus is
  26. required to make them the scholar of religion vasuda Narayanan describes these preparations as an absolute frenzy with people buying gifts for loved ones
  27. stocking up on Dias dressing up in new clothes and of course buying and eating a lot of food one New York City Baker who specializes in Indian Suits
  28. estimates that devali celebrations account for around 20% of his entire annual sales day three is the main devali day also called lakmi Puja Puja
  29. refers to Hindu worship directed toward a deity and lxmi is the goddess of wealth and prosperity for many Hindus she's a central deity worship during Dev
  30. many also worship Ganesh on this day the remover of obstacles it's believed that lakmi visits homes during devali to bless devotees with prosperity so
  31. entrances are opened decorated and very well lit to welcome Lakshmi and her blessings into the household the primary event is performing a Puja for the
  32. goddess lxmi either in your own house or going to the local temple this involves chanting prayers to lxmi asking for wealth abundance or Career Success and
  33. placing items representing their specific request in front of the icons of lakmi and Ganesha the Pua concludes with an RT or song expressing gratitude
  34. to the deity celebrants also set off fireworks lots and lots of fireworks in fact there are so many fireworks in India that they've become a serious
  35. pollution concern in major cities seriously when I was researching this episode I needed to sift through literally dozens of articles on air
  36. quality and devali more climate science research has been done on this holiday than religious studies research research with titles like measurement and
  37. distribution pattern of n alkanes and size segregated aerosols during Deval Festival in Delhi India so apparently Dali is a huge festival for climate
  38. scientists as well day four is particularly diverse both in what it's called and how it's celebrated by different Hindu communities It's
  39. variously called Go danuja Bali pratapa or anut goon refers to a hill in the Indian state of utar Pradesh a pilgrimage site made famous from Hindu
  40. mythology according to the ancient Sanskrit text the bagavat pirana the storm God Indra grew angry with a village of cow herders for canceling a
  41. special Puja for him and so he sent a devastating storm to destroy them but according to the text Krishna picked up goon Hill with one hand and held it aoft
  42. just as easily as a child holds up a mushroom basically holding up a mountain as an umbrella during a rainstorm goon Puja thus celebrates Lord Krishna and
  43. especially in rural areas of India is linked with cow herders many will celebrate by making replicas of goon mountain or Krishna himself using cow
  44. dong later spreading these sculptures on their fields as manure and a bringer of good luck the other name of this day anakot means mountain of food referring
  45. to the primary way to observe the festival by offering a huge amount of food for Krishna here we see the food arrayed in a temple in Kolkata India
  46. with the image of Krishna at the center the other name of this day Bali pratapa refers to another myth from the bagavat pirana this one about the king Bali who
  47. had conquered the heavens and the Earth after his conquering he vowed to Grant any request made to him so Vishnu appeared before balii as a diminutive
  48. Avatar vom and asked Bali to give him only three footsteps worth of land Bali agreed this seemed to be a modest request after all but then suddenly
  49. Vishnu expanded to a gigantic size and in only two steps covered the earth and the heavens the entirety of bali's Kingdom where should he put his third
  50. step well Bali offered his head in humility and Vishnu stomped him down into The Nether world to visit earth once a year on this day the final day is
  51. byj a Day celebrating the bond between brothers and sisters traditionally Brothers will give gifts to their sisters and sisters will pray a special
  52. blessing for their brothers as I said though Hinduism is very diverse so you'll find a lot of local variations in how Dali is celebrated both in India and
  53. abroad for example especially in West Bengal and Bangladesh Hindus celebrate Kip Puja a festival honoring the goddess K that coincides with Dali another
  54. example comes from the research of the Anthropologist indir arugam which she conducted in rural tamilnadu although Dali generally has a joyous Vibe for
  55. many Hindus she found that celebrations in this region are more somber while there are still festive elements like fireworks and feastings the people she
  56. interviewed in a small Tamil Village told her that Dali is for the dead in other words for them it's a time of bitter sweet rry to commemorate their
  57. ancestors Dr Narayanan who I cited earlier describes that especially in South India among Tamil communities where she's from it's customary to wake
  58. up early on the day of devali and take an oil bath though even with this diversity she's noticed that there's been a trend toward increasing
  59. homogenizing a devali practice with the rise of mass media so many local Traditions such as this oil bath tradition have faded considerably we
  60. also see diversity in how those oppressed by the cast system May view devali differently from those privileged by it as we've seen with stories like
  61. Rama defeating ravana or Krishna defeating narakasura major Hindu holidays almost always have some battle in which lightened Divine beings called
  62. suras defeat malevolent Divine beings called aceras sometimes inaccurately translated as demons but many cast oppressed people invert this narrative
  63. in which they empathize with the assara for example remember Vishnu defeating King Bali this is often seen as Bali having gained too much pride and power
  64. which compels Vishnu to descend to Earth to put him in his place but many cast oppressed folks see Bali as one of their own a generous King who was subjugated
  65. dispossessed of his kingdom and banished regardless of his generosity and thus they take issue with the framing of light over Darkness as a way that
  66. normalizes their oppression as I mentioned before devali in many respects is also a pan Indian festival regardless of religious affiliation and religious
  67. minority communities celebrate their own versions for Janes devali commemorates The Liberation of mahavira the 24th chir tankara or the spiritual teacher of
  68. Dharma for James on this day it's believ that he attained Liberation from the cycle of birth and death in 527 bcee six recognized the day as Bundy shord Divas
  69. or the day of Liberation it commemorates the release of the sik guru guru harabin who was imprisoned by the mul Emperor Guru harabin managed to free 52 Hindu
  70. Kings and princes who were imprisoned with him now Scholars don't know the precise origins of Dali most assume it originates from some sort of
  71. agricultural Harvest Festival in Antiquity based on the timing of the festival in the Autumn but firm evidence for Dali starts to emerge in the first
  72. Millennium CE a Sanskrit stage play dating to the 7th Century CE called nagananda briefly mentions a festival of the lanterns which likely refers to Dali
  73. what's interesting is nagananda is a mix of Buddhist and Hindu Traditions which suggest that Dali was probably a pan Indian tradition from its earliest
  74. Origins in the 11th century the Persian scholar Al Baroni mentions duvali in his huge work on Indian culture writing that during this Festival people dress
  75. festively make presents to each other and light a great number of lamps in every place he also reports that the festival honors the goddess lakmi who
  76. remains a main focus to this day for most Hindus the mythological narratives associated with Dali vary from region to region but one of the most widely
  77. recognized stories especially in Northern India links this Festival to Lord Rama's return to his kingdom in ioda according to the ancient Indian
  78. epic called the ramayana Rama is exiled from his kingdom for 14 years accompanied by his wife saitta during Rama's Exile saitta is abducted by the
  79. malevolent King ravana in his quest to rescue her Rama forms an alliance with an army of monkeys a battle breaks out between the two sides and eventually
  80. Rama is able to kill ravana and rescue saitta they then return victoriously to ioda ending Rama's Exile as the tradition goes the citizens illuminated
  81. the city with rows of lamps to mark his return this event is commemorated in ioda each year as we saw at the start of this video for others especially in
  82. Southern India Dali is associated with the legend of Lord Krishna and his concert Saab Bama defeating the malevolent King narakasura according to
  83. book 10 of the bhagavata pirana Krishna Cuts nara's elephant mounted Army to Pieces before finally beheading Nara himself in both Stories the central
  84. theme is the Triumph of divine righteousness which mirrors the themes of Dali celebrating light defeating darkness and
  85. good defeating evil in recent decades Dali has become the defining Hindu festival in countries with growing Indian immigrant populations government
  86. funded celebrations in major cities like London and Sydney have transformed it into a showcase for Indian culture with music and dance shows and food markets
  87. in the US Dali is also having a mainstream moment and there's no better way to see that than its commercialization bigname brand have
  88. started to pay attention each year you'll now see Dali themed commercials from Coca-Cola or Target and even helpful instructions from The Lego
  89. company on how to make your own Lego rangolis local governments have responded as well in 2023 New York City declared Dali a school holiday and the
  90. Pennsylvania government declared it as a state holiday the congresswoman Grace mang representing New York has even introduced legislation to make it a
  91. Federal holiday as well all of this seems to be responding to the growing indian-american population between 1980 and 2019 the Indian immigrant population
  92. in the US increased by 13 times Indo Caribbean immigration also increased with many people from Trinidad Guyana and suram moving to the US this has made
  93. devali celebrations much more visible in American culture and it's just one example of how this pan Indian Festival of Lights has turned into a global
  94. phenomenon if You' like to learn more about Hinduism then I really recommend the Hinduism explained video by cojito a beautifully animated intro to Hinduism
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