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What is the Kaaba?
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- this is the cabba located in the city of Mecca and Saudi Arabia the cabba is the holiest site in Islam every day hundreds of millions of Muslims face toward it in
- prayer hotel rooms have arrows on their ceiling pointing toward it Kings Emperors and nation states competed for control over it and the need to know its
- relative location no matter where you were in the world sparked new developments in astronomy and trigonometry so what is the cabba and
- what makes it so important in Islam the word cabba means cube in Arabic though the the building itself isn't exactly a cube at about 15 M tall and 12 M wide
- it's taller than it is wide and its sides aren't exactly the same width but it's pretty close the building is made out of a regularly shaped Granite Stones
- held together with mortar with a flat wooden roof covered in metal as you can imagine it doesn't rain much in Mecca but when it does a flat roof on any
- building is prone to flooding so a Golden Rain spout was added on the northwest side in the 1600s Muslims worldwide pre in the direction of the
- cabba when they performed the daily prayer the direction of prayer is called the kiblah literally meaning Direction and it's marked in mosques around the
- world by a niche in the wall called a MB at least once during their lifetime if they are physically and financially able Muslims are also expected to make a
- pilgrimage to Mecca to complete the Hajj outside of the Hajj millions of pilgrims come to Mecca each year to perform umra an optional but still meritorious
- pilgrimage the cabba is housed in a larger mosque complex called the Masjid alh Haram this building has been rebuilt redesigned and expanded over the
- centuries with the most recent Expansion Project conducted between 2008 and 2023 this expansion allows the mosque to accommodate up to 3 million visitors at
- once though it was not without controversy since some elements of the project including a controversial Clock Tower were built over historically
- significant sites including Graves of significant early Muslim figures the part of the Masid alh Haram immediately surrounding the cabba is called the mat
- literally the place of tawa tawa is a key part of the Hajj pilgrimage ritually walking around the cabba counterclockwise seven times though
- religious stady Scholars like to use the fancy term circum ulation which just means walking around pilgrims must perform taah when they first enter the
- mid Al Haram to Signal their intention to begin the Hajj they then perform it at least twice more during their pilgrimage once before traveling to the
- area of mina for the stoning of the devil when pilgrims throw stones against a wall and once as a farewell to end their hudge one of the key features of
- the cabba is the black stone embedded in a silver case attached directly to the Eastern corner of the cabba some Scholars suspect that this black stone
- is a meteorite and trace it to a series of pre-islamic Arabian shrines Muslim tradition however connects it to Adam and Eve in these accounts the stone fell
- from heaven to help them find one another as they were separated while being cast out of the Garden of Eden when they were reunited they built the
- first altar to God on the site of the Fallen Stone the stone has been broken into multiple pieces over its history first it was damaged during a Siege in
- 683 CE and again during a theft by a Muslim sect called the kmian who held the stone for over 100 years when it was regained it was cemented back together
- and put back where it is now the black stone is an important focal point for visitors and pilgrims who hope to get close enough to touch it or kiss it
- there are even stories of pilgrims in the distant past seeking to smack their foreheads hard enough against the black stone to leave a permanent Mark as
- evidence of their piety though some Muslim theologians are skeptical of this level of focus on the black stone itself most theologians are quick to clarify
- that this is not understood to be worship of the cabba or the black stone but instead worship of God there are various explanations for the symbolism
- of TAA some say it symbolizes how all creation orbits God others say it mirrors the orbit of the Earth around the Sun or the Galaxy around its Center
- the number seven itself is connected to the concept of seven Heavens in Islamic cosmology and is sometimes viewed as a number of perfection or completion
- though ultimately Muslims will often have a much more straightforward answer why should Muslims circumambulate the cabba seven times well because the
- prophet Muhammad did so and because God commanded it as they Circle counterclockwise pilgrims will pass several important features between the
- black stone and the doors they'll pass what is known as the multazam or place of clinging here pilgrims perform supplicatory prayer called Dua and so
- pilgrims will try to press their hands chest and cheeks to the wall of the cabba while praying immediately after the bazam are ornate gold doors at 2 m
- above the ground they're too high for anyone to access without stairs but a mobile set of stairs can be wheeled in when necessary the interior of the cabba
- is off limits to everyone except some dignitaries religious Scholars and maintenance workers it is not open to pilgrims the inside is relatively empty
- with three wooden pillars holding up the roof a simple storage cabinet and a collection of lamps and incense sensors strung between the pillars the cabinet
- contains scented oils that are used in tandem with Those sensors to anoint and perfume the cabba after its yearly washing there's also a ladder leading up
- to the roof that's primarily used for cleaning and replacing the cloth that decorates it called the kiswa now here's an interesting thought experiment are
- you allowed to perform the daily ritual prayer within the cabba well Scholars debate this some argue that it is acceptable but others argue it's not
- since you'd technically be turning your back on at least some part of the cabba while praying after passing the door pilgrims will see a metal and glass
- display case to their right called the station of Abraham this protects the stone said to have the imprints of Abraham's feet now there are multiple
- stories about what caused Abraham's Footprints to be imprinted on this Stone but one of them claims that it commemorates when he stood on the stone
- to lift his son ishmail up to complete the construction of the higher parts of the building as pilgrims approach the edge of the Northeast facing wall
- they'll see small brown Stones embedded into white marble this is known as the Musa jabriel or the prayer place of Gabriel where the angel Gabriel is said
- to have taught Muhammad how to do the daily prayer as they Circle the corner a structure called the Haim will prevent them from hugging close to the Northwest
- facing wall the Haim is a low semicircular marble wall that Muslims believe to be part of the cabba built by Abraham its name is derived from an
- Arabic root for something that is broken referring to how the section was left in disrepair during later reconstructions this area is also called the stone of
- ishmail most people claim it's named this because Abraham is said to have built a structure here for ishmail and Hagar because it's said to be
- historically part of the cabba pilgrims are not supposed to enter this area during taah the area is however connected to important events in the
- history of Islam and the life of Muhammad so pilgrims will often attempt to pray within it it's directly below the aforementioned rain spout called the
- font of Mercy water falling from the spout is said to carry extra blessings after passing the Haim the remaining two sides don't have any unique features or
- sights people performing TOA might use this space to angle closer to the building with the hope of getting close enough to touch the black stone or press
- themselves against the multis during their next pass while the cabba itself appears to be a relatively modest building most people don't actually see
- it like this because it's more often decorated with that ornate cloth called the kiswa today the kiswa is mostly black with gold embroidery though in the
- past it was made in a variety of colors including red white in green the embroidery includes decorative patterns and borders surrounding caronic verses
- Each corner of the kiswell also has a medallion embroidered with the name of each Corner one corner is named after the black stone with the other three
- named after the region toward which they Point Iraq the Levant and Yemen corresponding roughly to the cardinal directions the Kissa is made of silk and
- produced in Mecca at a factory by over a hundred workers and Artisans and is replaced once per year during the hudge the old kiswa can be cut up into pieces
- and distributed to museums and given as gifts the cabba has a long history but not all of it is completely clear to historians according to the Quran the
- first house of worship appointed for men was that at Baka full of blessing and of guidance for all kinds of beings Baka being an alternate name for Mecca
- according to most quranic commentators some Muslim interpreters say that this verse means that the first man Adam built the first altar to God in Mecca
- after being cast out of the Garden of Eden other verses in the Quran refer to Abraham building the cabba and remember Abraham and ishma rais the foundations
- of the house with this prayer Our Lord accept this service from us for thou art the all- hearing the all- knowing Muslim interpreters agreed that the cabba was
- built or perhaps rebuilt by Abraham and maintained by his descendants through his son ishmail however According to Islamic tradition after many generations
- people forgot about its original purpose and started dedicating it to multiple gods writing in the 9th century the historian of Mecca alazaki shares
- several stories about Muhammad when he took control of the cabba in 630 CE he Ed it full of images and statues of various gods in total he destroyed 360
- Idols but he also found painted icons of the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus along with an image of Abraham which he spared according to tradition there was also a
- statue of the god hubal and archaeologically attested deity from the region hubal is mentioned in a single nabian inscription from hegra an
- archaeological site a few hundred kilometers north of Mecca which briefly mentions him alongside two other gods historians of early Islam have floated
- some theories as to what this this early cabba may have looked like an early Christian text called The kusan Chronicle which dates to around 660 CE
- references an Arab ritual site in Mecca which can be translated as the tent of Abraham this may be a reference to the cabba as a tent-like structure The
- meccan Scholar Ian ji writing around 100 years after the kusan chronicle seems to back this up when he describes the cabba as a tabernacle using the same Arabic
- term used to describe the tent-like Tabernacle built by the Israelites in the Exodus story The Scholar iie Ruben has speculated that this might mean that
- the dominant element of the cabba at this time was the kiswa The Scholar Ahmed Al jalad has also theorized that the early meccan Sanctuary may be rooted
- in a pre-islamic Arabian practice of building temporary ritual shelters to perform animal sacrifices these are referenced in saftic inscriptions with
- the letters St so we don't really know how these structures were pronounced but clearly they had a religious Function One inscription reads he built the Str
- Str shelter and performed an animal sacrifice so o a lot and doares may he be secure another reads he encamped by the water and then built the Str Str
- shelter and performed an animal sacrifice now as I talk about in my video on the konic name of Jesus saftic is an ancient South Semitic script that
- people in southern Syria and Northern Jordan used to write all the various dialects of old Arabic which are closely related to konic Arabic Scholars think
- the script was used between the 1st Century BCE and the 4th Century CE give or take a few centuries and it seems that part of rich ual practice in the
- region involved building these temporary sacred shelters both for sacrifices to the gods and for mourning the dead so in light of the kusan chronicle the
- writings of Ian J and these inscriptions Dr Al galad speculates that the roots of the meccan sanctuary thus may be found in a ritual shelter like the St Str
- stories about the prophet Muhammad's life often start by highlighting the centrality of the cabba Muhammad was born in the year of the elephant named
- after a dramatic event in Islamic tradition when a Christian King from Yemen tried to invade Mecca and destroy the cabba using an elephant king abraha
- of akum was worried that the cabba would draw pilgrims away from his cathedral in Sana according to Muslim tradition when abraha approached the cabba his elephant
- refused to move forward eventually the king forced the elephant to keep going but before it could destroy the cabba the sky filled with seagulls carrying
- rocks they then dropped the rocks on the Army killing everyone including the elephant the Quran seems to refer to this in Sarat alfi the chapter of the
- elephant which reads seest thou not how thy Lord dealt with the companions of the elephant did he not make their treacherous plan go astray and he sent
- against them flights of birds striking them with stones of baked clay now the scholar Gabriel SED Reynolds argues that the details about this event seem to be
- filled in by much later sources attempting to explain Sarat alfi though Muslim sources use this story to highlight the officiousness of
- Muhammad's birth and God's continued protection over the cabba despite its temporary dedic ation to other gods according to tradition the cabba played
- a significant role at other key moments in Muhammad's life as a young man he helped repair the cabba with men from each Clan of the karish tribe but when
- it came time to place the black stone back into its spot an argument broke out over who would get the honor each Clan wanted one of their own members to place
- the black stone Muhammad came up with a solution he placed the black stone in the center of his cloak and he had a member from each Clan lift up part of
- the cloak together Muhammad then guided the stone back into its place this story speaks to his future role as a leader uniting the Clans and tribes of Arabia
- the cabba also plays a key role in Muhammad's Ascension to Heaven according to the Quran and hegra stories based on quranic verses Muhammad traveled from
- the Masjid alh Haram to the mid Al AXA and then up to heaven all in one night though the Quran doesn't name their locations explicitly they're understood
- to be the cabba in Mecca and the Temple mount in Jerusalem in these accounts Muhammad prays with various prophets as he ascends through the seven heavens to
- meet God these stories about Muhammad and the cabba reveal a few important points about its role in early Islam first it shows that the early Muslim
- Community aimed to reclaim pre-islamic sacred sites and practices by linking them to monotheistic Traditions as in the polytheistic character of the cabba
- is understood to be a Corruption of its earlier monotheistic character starting with Abraham second it highlights how Muhammad's life is closely tied to the
- cabba from being born in the year it was saved from destruction to restoring it as a site of worship for God before he died as we mentioned kiblah is the
- direction toward the cabba this not only plays a major role in daily prayer but it also played a role in early Muslim identity early in Muhammad's career he
- and his followers prayed facing Jerusalem but during his time in the city of Medina the direction of prayer was changed from Jerusalem to Mecca
- quoting the Quran now shall we turn thee to a kiblah that shall please thee turn then thy face and the direction of the Sacred mosque this verse is surrounded
- by discussions about how Christians and Jews rejected Muhammad message and linking the cabba to Abraham The Scholar Fred Donner argues that Muhammad and his
- initial followers probably at first saw themselves as a community in alignment with Judaism and Christianity even possibly sharing prayer spaces with
- Christians and Jews and the change of the kibla from Jerusalem to Mecca May reflect tension with some of the Jewish tribes in Medina once it became clear
- that they were not going to accept his Revelation as he anticipated this change in the direction of prayer would have left Muslims in Medina facing south
- while Jews and Christians would have likely faced East during prayer creating an obvious distinction between the followers of Muhammad and other
- monotheists in the region in Daily practice one should pray facing Mecca with nothing symbolically between themselves and the cabba it's poor
- etiquette to walk in front of someone who's praying and some may stop and restart their prayer if for example an animal walks in front of them while
- praying but what if you cannot determine the direction toward the cabba this became an issue in the 20th century with the invention of air and space travel in
- 2006 the Malaysian astronaut shik muzafar shukur was tapped to go up to the International Space Station during Ramadan this prompted the department of
- Islamic development in Malaysia to create guidelines for how to fulfill religious obligations in space how are you supposed to orient your body toward
- the cabba when circling Earth in micro gravity they eventually decided that any Muslim in space should try to orient themselves to the cabba if they can
- reliably do so using the best scientific analysis though if they can't be certain then simply directing themselves toward Earth is sufficient but if even that
- isn't possible then an astronaut can simply or themselves toward wherever this process highlights a few interesting things about Islam first it
- shows that contrary to some non-muslim stereotypes about Islamic law the rules for Islamic jurist Prudence are meant to be flexible and achievable by your
- average person we see this in how the kiblah is meant to be determined on the International Space Station while they should attempt to make a goodfaith
- effort to locate the direction of the cabba if this is not possible then they can simply face any Direction they want also reflecting on Islam in the cabba
- highlights how Place matters a lot in religion even when discussing a global religion like Islam a lot of us are accustomed to
- thinking about religion in line with Protestant Christianity thinking about religion as being internal belief-based and private but most religions
- throughout history and around the world have beliefs and practices that Orient them toward a particular land city building or place which connects them to
- a larger religious community this religious community is felt in a very powerful sense when going on the hjj as pilgrims are surrounded by millions of
- fellow Muslims drawn to the center of it all the cabba in 23 over 2 million pilgrims travel to mecca for the hudge for any City this is an absolutely
- massive influx of people so how does the city's infrastructure manage if you want to learn more about how the Saudi government pulls it off I recommend
- checking out Wendover Productions video on the logistics of the hudge they explain the dedicated hjj terminal at the jeda airport the mass transit system
- shuttling people from sight to site and the massive air condition Tent City at Mina this is one episode in a longer wover series about logistics which you
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